Статья

Огурцов Сергей Сергеевич, научный сотрудник, Центрально-Лесной государственный природный биосферный заповедник (Россия, 172521, Тверская область, Нелидовский район, пос. Заповедный); e-mail: etundra@mail.ru
Желтухин Анатолий Семенович, к.б.н., зам.директора по научной работе Центрально-Лесного государственного заповедника (Россия, 172521, Тверская область, Нелидовский район, пос. Заповедный); e-mail: azheltukhin@mail.ru
Иван Павлович Котлов, научный сотрудник, Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А.Н. Северцова РАН (Россия, 123181, Москва, ул. марш. Катукова, 21-1-117); e-mail: ikotlov@gmail.com

Ogurtsov S.S., Zheltukhin A.S., Kotlov I.P. 2018. Daily activity patterns of large and medium-sized mammals based on camera traps data in the Central Forest Nature Reserve, Valdai Upland, Russia // Nature Conservation Research. Vol. 3(2). P. 68–88. https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2018.031

На примере трех средних (заяц-беляк (Lepus timidus), енотовидная собака (Nyctereutes procyonoides), европейский барсук (Meles meles)) и пяти крупных (лось (Alces alces), кабан (Sus scrofa), волк (Canis lupus), рысь (Lynx lynx), бурый медведь (Ursus arctos)) видов млекопитающих рассмотрены результаты анализа суточной активности, полученные по данным фотоловушек в Центрально-Лесном заповеднике (Тверская область, Россия). За период 2010–2017 гг. отработано 30158 фотоловушко-суток на 21 локации. Большинство рассмотренных млекопитающих проявляли активность в ночные и сумеречные часы (71% всех кадров). Заяц-беляк был активен больше всего в ночное время суток (69% регистраций). Енотовидная собака обладала полифазным типом активности преимущественно ночной формы, которая во многом была похожа на активность зайца-беляка. В отличие от зайца, енотовидная собака имела слабый пик в дневное время (25%) и была чуть менее активна ночью (64%). Барсук представил в нашем случае классический пример монофазной ночной активности. Его перемещения были приурочены к ночному (69%) и сумеречному времени суток (20%). У таких крупных копытных, как лось и кабан, доля ночной активности была схожей и составила около 45% от всех регистраций. Отличие между ними заключалось в том, что лось имел бóльшую сумеречную активность (29%), чем кабан (20%). У рыси и медведя были схожие суточные динамики регистраций: примерно 40% их встреч приходилось на светлое время суток и 35% – на темное. Суммарная доля сумеречных часов активности рыси оказалась немного больше (25%), чем у медведя (22%), но достоверно они не различались. У медведя было максимальное число регистраций в дневное время среди всех остальных видов (44%). Несмотря на то, что основным объектом питания рыси на территории заповедника является заяц-беляк, значительного перекрывания их суточных активностей не наблюдалось (γˆ = 0.75). В группе крупных хищников заметно выделялся волк, больше половины регистраций которого приходилось на ночное время (54%), а треть – на дневное. В суточных регистрациях волка и лося отмечена тесная взаимосвязь. Активности этих видов значительно перекрывались друг с другом (γˆ = 0.89). Представлены сезонные изменения суточной активности каждого вида. По результатам факторного анализа все млекопитающие разделены на три обособленные группы. Первая группа включала в себя виды со склонностью к ночной активности (волк, лось, заяц-беляк, барсук и енотовидная собака), вторая группа – животных с полифазной активностью сумеречного типа (медведь и рысь). В третьей группе оказался только кабан, активность которого была приурочена к вечерним часам. Данная работа представляет собой первое продолжительное и непрерывное исследование с помощью фотоловушек в России, в рамках которого детально рассмотрены ритмы суточной активности нескольких средних и крупных млекопитающих.

бесконтактные методы, крупные хищники, ритмы активности, суточная активность, фотоловушки, Центрально-Лесной заповедник

Поступила в редакцию: 12.02.2018

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