Статья

Арокианатан Самсон, PhD, главный менеджер, Программа охраны и разведения грифов, Общество естественной истории Бомбея, Центр охраны и разведения грифов (Бхопал, 462044, штат Мадхья-Прадеш, Индия); iD ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-7941; e-mail: kingvulture1786@gmail.com
Джабамалайнатан Л. Принси, PhD, кафедра зоологии и биологии дикой природы, Правительственный колледж искусств (643002, г. Утакаманд, округ Нилгири, штат Тамилнад, Индия); iD ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8884-9006
Баласундарам Рамакришнан, PhD, доцент, кафедра зоологии и биологии дикой природы, Правительственный колледж искусств (643002, г. Утакаманд, округ Нилгири, штат Тамилнад, Индия); iD ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0698-1383; e-mail: ramkiwildlife2011@gmail.com

Samson A., Princy J.L., Ramakrishnan B. 2024. Population, nesting characteristics, and breeding ecology of the critically endangered Gyps indicus in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, South India // Nature Conservation Research. Vol. 9(4). P. 9–20. https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2024.027

В последнее время скорость вымирания видов увеличилась во всем мире и во много раз выше, чем в результате воздействия только естественных процессов. Небольшие изолированные популяции наиболее уязвимы перед процессом вымирания ввиду обусловленных и случайных угроз. Поэтому сохранение таких популяций является сложной задачей. Настоящее исследование, проведенное с 2015 по 2021 гг. в Тигровом заповеднике Мудумалай (юг Индии), было направлено на изучение популяции, особенностей гнездования и экологии размножения самой южной в стране популяции Gyps indicus. Оценка численности особей проводилась на местах ночевок и гнездования Gyps indicus в Тигровом заповеднике Мудумалай. Для изучения особенностей гнездования и экологии размножения каждую гнездовую колонию систематически посещали четыре раза в месяц в течение сезона размножения (октябрь – май). Оценки угроз оценивались в ходе выездов на места обитания вида. За период 2015–2021 гг. было выявлено четыре гнездовых участка. Два из них были выявлены в 2016 г. и еще по одному в 2017 г. и 2020 г. Гнездовья располагались в среднем на высоте 1122.25 ± 170.06 м н.у.м., в пределах от 821 м н.у.м. до 1600 м н.у.м. На территории исследования два гнезда располагались на склонах восточной экспозиции, одно – на склоне юго-восточной экспозиции и одно – на склоне южной экспозиции. В отношении состава популяции средняя численность взрослых особей возросла с 9.5 ± 0.46 в 2016 г. до 14.08 ± 0.67 в 2021 г. Следовательно, среднее значение общей численности особей в колонии увеличилось с 13.66 ± 0.56 в 2016 г. до 27.83 ± 0.62 в 2021 г. В общей сложности в 2015–2021 гг. наблюдалось 40 (в среднем 6.66 ± 0.49 пар/год) территориальных пар с занятыми гнездами. Из них 31 (в среднем 5.16 ± 0.30 пар/год) гнездящаяся пара отложила яйца. Было отмечено успешное высиживание яиц со средним инкубационным периодом в 63.64 ± 1.74 дня. Из 31 гнезда с кладками 23 птенца (3.83 ± 0.47 особей/год) успешно вышли из гнезда; успех размножения составил 74%. Полный период гнездования составил 128.43 ± 1.16 суток. Из 17 неудачных попыток гнездования девять (53%) были обнаружены до откладки яиц, а восемь (47%) – во время периода высиживания яиц. Статистически значимых различий между количеством гнезд, покинутыми до и после откладки яиц, не было выявлено (t = 0.4152, p > 0.05). В сезоны размножения в 2015–2017 гг. серьезную угрозу нескольким гнездовым колониям Gyps indicus представляли лесные пожары антропогенного происхождения, в результате чего гнездования там не наблюдалось. Для сохранения изученной единственной сохранившейся и самой южной жизнеспособной популяции Gyps indicus в Тигровом заповеднике Мудумалай необходима программа действий, ориентированная на сохранение данного вида. В этой связи рекомендуется представить охранную зону Тигрового заповедника Мудумалай в качестве «Заказника грифов» («Vulture Sanctuary») для обеспечения легальной охраны популяции Gyps indicus, обитающей на территории исследования.

высиживание, гнездование, гриф, колония, птенец, скалы, яйцо

Поступила: 23.02.2023. Исправлена: 27.08.2024. Принята к опубликованию: 24.09.2024.

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