| Abstract |
Eighty-five mammal species are classified worldwide as Extinct on the IUCN Red List. In this study, we aimed to assess to which Orders these species belong, when they became extinct and the factors that led to their extinction. We also compared the factors that threatened the survival of these species with the ones that are currently threatening the species classified as Critically Endangered, as well as the areas where the extinct species could be originally found with the areas where Critically Endangered species are currently found. Our review was conducted using the advanced search tool of the IUCN Red List database (Taxonomy, Red List Category, Threats and Land Regions filters). Rodentia was the mammal Order with the highest number of Extinct species, whereas Primates was the Order with the greatest proportion of Critically Endangered ones. The last two (19th and 20th) centuries were the periods in which the greatest number of species was lost. We found remarkable differences between the factors threatening species survival and between countries with the highest number of Extinct species and the ones that contain a greater number of Critically Endangered species. The threat category responsible for most of the extinctions overall was «Invasive and other problematic species, genes and diseases». Nonetheless, factors associated with habitat loss and degradation seem to have become more important nowadays and, in addition, some «new» factors, such as «Energy production and mining», «Human intrusions and disturbance», «Pollution», and «Transportation and service corridors», which have not had much relevance for past extinctions, now appear as important threats to Critically Endangered species. Australia was the country that has lost the most mammal species (n = 26), followed by Haiti (n = 9), the Dominican Republic (n = 8), and Cuba (n = 6). On the other hand, when we evaluated the amount of species classified as Critically Endangered, Madagascar (n = 33), Mexico (n = 27), and Indonesia (n = 26) are the countries that concentrate the highest number of them. Thus, future extinctions are unlikely to occur in the same places as in the past because the human society's relationship with the environment has changed over time: human population has grown, habitat loss has become the predominant threat to many species and new threat factors have emerged. |
| References |
Barnosky A.D., Matzke N., Tomiya S., Wogan G.O.U., Swartz B., Quental T.B., Marshall C., McGuire J.L., Lindsey E.L., Maguire K.C., Mersey B., Ferrer E.A. 2011. Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?. Nature 471(7336): 51–57. DOI: 10.1038/nature09678
Burbidge A.A., Woinarski J. 2016. Notomys macrotis. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T14865A22401041. Available from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14865A22401041.en
Cardillo M. 2003. Biological determinants of extinction risk: why are smaller species less vulnerable?. Animal Conservation 6(1): 63–69. DOI: 10.1017/S1367943003003093
Ceballos G., Ehrlich P.R. 2002. Mammal population losses and the extinction crisis. Science 296(5569): 904–907. DOI: 10.1126/science.1069349
Ceballos G., Ehrlich P.R., Barnosky A.D., García A., Pringle R.M., Palmer T.M. 2015. Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Science Advances 1(5): e1400253. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400253
Chichorro F., Juslén A., Cardoso P. 2019. A review of the relation between species traits and extinction risk. Biological Conservation 237: 220–229. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.07.001
Cho R. 2019. Why endangered species matter. In: State of the Planet. Available from https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2019/03/26/endangered-species-matter/
Davidson A.D., Shoemaker K.T., Weinstein B., Costa G.C., Brooks T.M., Ceballos G., Radeloff V.C., Rondinini C., Graham C.H. 2017. Geography of current and future global mammal extinction risk. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0186934. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186934
Estrada A., Garber P.A., Rylands A.B., Roos C., Fernandez-Duque E., Di Fiore A., Nekaris K.A.I., Nijman V., Heymann E.W., Lambert J.E., Rovero F., Barelli C., Setchell J.M., Gillespie T.R., Mittermeier R.A., Arregoitia L.V., de Guinea M., Gouveia S., Dobrovolski R., Shanee S., Shanee N., Boyle S.A., Fuentes A., MacKinnon K.C., Amato K.R., Meyer A.L.S., Wich S., Sussman R.W., Pan R., Kone I., Li B. 2017. Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter. Science Advances 3(1): e1600946. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600946
Hance J. 2019. Time is running out for Southeast Asia. In: Mongabay. Available from https://news.mongabay.com/2019/12/time-is-running-out-for-southeast-asia/
ICMBio/MMA. 2018. Livro Vermelho de Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção (Volume II. Mamíferos). Brasília: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. 622 p.
IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2021-3). Available from https://www.iucnredlist.org/
Kerr J.T., Currie D.J. 1995. Effects of human activity on global extinction risk. Conservation Biology 9(6): 1528–1538. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09061528.x
Loehle C., Eschenbach W. 2012. Historical bird and terrestrial mammal extinction rates and causes. Diversity and Distributions 18(1): 84–91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00856.x
Lumsden L.F., Racey P.A., Hutson A.M. 2017. Pipistrellus murrayi (errata version published in 2021). In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T136769A209549918. Available from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136769A209549918.en
Mace G.M., Collar N.J., Gaston K.J., Hilton-Taylor C., Akçakaya H.R., Leader-Williams N., Milner-Gulland E.J., Stuart S.N. 2008. Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN's system for classifying threatened species. Conservation Biology 22(6): 1424–1442. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x
McKinney M.L. 1997. Extinction vulnerability and selectivity: combining ecological and paleontological views. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28(1): 495–516. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.495
Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., Gil P.R., Wilson E.O. 1997. Megadiversity: Earth's biologically wealthiest nations. Mexico City: CEMEX. 501 p.
Olivera A. 2018. Mexico's 10 most iconic endangered species. In: Center for Biological Diversity. Available from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/
Pimm S.L., Russell G.J., Gittleman J.L., Brooks T.M. 1995. The Future of Biodiversity. Science 269(5222): 347–350. DOI: 10.1126/science.269.5222.347
Pimm S.L., Jenkins C.N., Abell R., Brooks T.M., Gittleman J.L., Joppa L.N., Raven P.H., Roberts C.N., Sexton J.O. 2014. The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 344(6187): 1246752. DOI: 10.1126/science.1246752
Purvis A., Gittleman J.L., Cowlishaw G., Mace G.M. 2000. Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 267(1456): 1947–1952. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1234
Quintela F.M., Rosa C.A., Feijó A. 2020. Updated and annotated checklist of recent mammals from Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 92(Suppl.2): e20191004. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191004
Salmona J., Heller R., Quéméré E., Chikhi L. 2017. Climate change and human colonization triggered habitat loss and fragmentation in Madagascar. Molecular Ecology 26(19): 5203–5222. DOI: 10.1111/mec.14173
Schwitzer C., Mittermeier R.A., Johnson S.E., Donati G., Irwin M., Peacock H., Ratsimbazafy J., Razafindramanana J., Louis E.E. Jr., Chikhi L., Colquhoun I.C., Tinsman J., Dolch R., Lafleur M., Nash S., Patel E., Randrianambinina B., Rasolofoharivelo T., Wright P.C. 2014. Averting Lemur Extinctions amid Madagascar's Political Crisis. Science 343(6173): 842–843. DOI: 10.1126/science.1245783
Shuai L., Chen C., Liu W., Xu W., Wang Y., Zeng Z., Zhang Z., Zhao L., Wang Y. 2021. Ecological correlates of extinction risk in Chinese terrestrial mammals. Diversity and Distributions 27(7): 1294–1307. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13279
Turvey S.T., Dávalos L. 2018. Isolobodon portoricensis. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T10860A22186876. Available from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10860A22186876.en
Vieilledent G., Grinand C., Rakotomalala F.A., Ranaivosoa R., Rakotoarijaona J.R., Allnutt T.F., Achard F. 2018. Combining global tree cover loss data with historical national forest cover maps to look at six decades of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 222: 189–197. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.008
Woinarski J., Burbidge A.A. 2016. Melomys rubicola (errata version published in 2021). In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13132A195439637. Available from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13132A195439637.en
Woinarski J.C.Z., Burbidge A.A., Harrison P.L. 2014. The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing. 1056 p.
Woinarski J.C.Z., Burbidge A.A., Harrison P.L. 2015. Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(15): 4531–4540. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417301112 |
