Статья

Владимир Владимирович Александров, к.б.н., с.н.с. ФГБУН ФИЦ «Институт биологии южных морей имени А.О.Ковалевского РАН» (299011, Россия, г. Севастополь, пр. Нахимова, д. 2); iD ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-4256; e-mail: valexandrov@list.ru
Наталия Афанасьевна Мильчакова, к.б.н., в.н.с. ФГБУН ФИЦ «Институт биологии южных морей имени А.О.Ковалевского РАН» (299011, Россия, г. Севастополь, пр. Нахимова, д. 2); ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5407-7706; e-mail: milchakova@gmail.com

Alexandrov V.V., Milchakova N.A. 2022. Do Protected Areas influence populations of the threatened red alga Phyllophora crispa along the southwestern coast of Crimea (the Black Sea)? // Nature Conservation Research. Vol. 7(4). P. 70–83. https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2022.037

Многолетняя сциафильная водоросль Phyllophora crispa (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) относится к основным ценозообразующим видам Черного моря. В связи с катастрофической деградацией ее популяций, она была внесена в Красную книгу Российской Федерации. Phyllophora crispa у берегов юго-западного Крыма встречается в акватории шести особо охраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ), созданных в период с 1972 по 2017 гг., ширина акватории которых составляет около 300 м, а площадь колеблется от 0.0597 км² до 0.208 км². Несмотря на длительный срок существования, в некоторых из них ранее была выявлена деградация сообществ P. crispa, что может свидетельствовать о неэффективности мер по охране донных сообществ на ООПТ и необходимости оптимизации природоохранной сети региона. Учитывая это, целью настоящего исследования являлась оценка эффективности охраны P. crispa в ООПТ юго-западного Крыма. В задачи работы входило сравнить состояние популяций этого вида в исследуемом регионе в настоящее время и в период до создания ООПТ, а также оценить их современное состояние в охраняемых и неохраняемых акваториях. Исследования выполнены на глубинах от 0.5 м до 20 м в 2015–2020 гг. Определяли численность, биомассу, массу и длину талломов P. crispa в пяти ООПТ, срок существования которых составлял 33–48 лет, и в 16 неохраняемых акваториях. Сравнение собственных и литературных данных показало, что за период с 1964–1967 гг. по 2015–2020 гг. на глубинах 5–20 м биомасса P. crispa в регионе уменьшилась в среднем в 2.7 раза, численность – в 1.5 раза, масса слоевищ – в 2.0 раза. Установлено, что в диапазоне глубин 5–15 м наиболее выраженное ухудшение состояния популяций P. crispa произошло на 15 м, где снижение биомассы популяций и массы талломов этого вида было статистически значимым. При этом согласно результатам дисперсионного анализа охранный статус акваторий не влиял на многолетние изменения значений параметров популяций P. crispa. Кроме того, выявлено, что в 2015–2020 гг. различия средней биомассы и численности этого вида в ООПТ и за их пределами были статистически недостоверными. Масса и длина талломов в охраняемых и неохраняемых акваториях также существенно не различались, исключая глубину 10 м, на которой значения этих показателей в ООПТ были соответственно в 3.3 и 1.4 раза выше, чем на прочих участках. Одной из причин недостоверного различия показателей состояния популяций P. crispa в ООПТ и за их пределами могла быть недостаточная статистическая мощность исследования. Другой причиной, вероятно, является малая площадь и незначительная ширина акватории ООПТ, что делает сообщества макрофитов уязвимыми к негативным факторам, действующим вблизи границ объектов. Для повышения эффективности охраны P. crispa в юго-западном Крыму рекомендовано увеличить площадь охраняемых акваторий, создать буферные зоны и принять меры по улучшению качества вод во всем регионе.

биомасса, многолетние изменения, макрофиты, морская ООПТ, плотность, эффективность

Поступила: 21.06.2022. Исправлена: 04.08.2022. Принята к опубликованию: 14.08.2022.

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