| Аннотация |
За период в 205 лет были проведены десятки учетов гнездовий и гнездящихся особей, летовок и негнездящихся особей, зимовок и зимующих особей, выявления путей миграций в Прикаспии и на Каспийском море, в Центральном и Южном Казахстане, в Туркмении, Азербайджане и России. До начала ХХI в. основные места гнездования фламинго располагались в Прикаспии и на Каспийском море в пределах Российской империи / СССР / стран СНГ. Установлено, что временной период до 1930 г. был обусловлен относительной стабильностью глобальных климатических условий в Северной Евразии, которые определили стояние уровня воды в Каспийском море. В этот период наблюдения за фламинго в северной части азиатской популяции носили характер сбора преимущественно качественной информации: установления мест размещения гнездовых колоний, летовок и зимовок; их численность характеризовалась в основном эпитетами. Следующий период 1931–1977 гг. был обусловлен развитием антропогенных влияний и изменением глобальных климатических условий в Северной Евразии, которые определили снижение уровня воды в Каспийском море. В мелководной северо-восточной части моря экологические последствия изменения гидрологического режима были наиболее значительны. Находившиеся здесь участки гнездования и летовок меняли дислокацию, иногда в значительных пределах, вплоть до полной утраты. В этот период наблюдения носили характер сбора количественной и уточнения качественной информации: установления новых мест размещения гнездовых колоний и длительности их существования, мест летовок и зимовок, размеров стай и группировок, причин исчезновения фламинго из прежних мест обитания. Появлению постоянных гнездовых колоний на озерах Центрального Казахстана (Шалкартенизе, Тенгизе и др.) способствовало неуклонное сокращение площади Каспийского моря, пересыхание ряда морских заливов. Снижение уровня континентальных водоемов в Центральном Казахстане повлекло усиление их гнездовых и кормовых свойств: образовавшиеся мелководья стали кормовыми стациями и местом устройства гнезд фламинго. Значительные годовые и многолетние колебания уровня воды в озерах стали причиной периодического исчезновения колоний фламинго на одних озёрах и появлению их на других. В период 1978–2015 гг. наблюдения за фламинго в северной части ареала азиатской популяции были направлены на получение качественных и количественных показателей мест гнездования, летовок и зимовок в условиях повышения уровня Каспийского моря и колебаний водности территории Центрального Казахстана, уточнения сроков миграций, весенних и осенних миграционных путей. Размещение к концу XX в. большей части фламинго на водоемах Центрального Казахстана способствовало окончательному формированию пролетного пути, соединившего эти местообитания с ранее населенными участками на Каспийском море. В начале ХХI в. постоянным репродуктивным центром в северной части азиатской популяции фламинго розового оставалась гнездовая колония на оз. Тенгиз. Имеющиеся данные сформировали необходимую информационную базу для последующей количественной и качественной оценки северной части азиатской популяции за три временных периода, обусловленных состоянием Каспийского моря, водоемов Прикаспия и Центрального Казахстана, каждый из которых имел определенную характеристику, определявшую размещение гнездовых колоний, летовок, зимовок, пути сезонных и межсезонных миграций в северной части ареала фламинго и за его пределами. |
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