| Abstract |
The article describes the communities of soil nematodes in pine (hereinafter – Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (hereinafter – Picea abies) forests in the Finnish-Russian Friendship Nature Reserve. It exemplifies typical north-taiga forests and combines Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve (Republic of Karelia, Russia) and Friendship Park, consisting of five Protected Areas in the adjacent area of Finland. Methods commonly applied in nematology were used to study the following parameters: taxonomic diversity, population density, biomass, eco-trophic structure of nematode communities, and ecological indices representative of the soil food web. In the coniferous forests, the soil nematode fauna was made up of 45 nematode genera belonging to 29 families, with the highest diversity demonstrated by bacterial feeders (42% of the total number of taxa detected). Coniferous forests in the Finnish territory featured a high number of taxa (29–33) and high values of the Shannon index (Hʹ) (3.4–3.8) as compared to their counterparts in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve (18–24 taxa and Hʹ = 2.4–3.3, respectively). A general trend for all the surveyed forests was a decrease in nematode abundance and biomass from the forest litter towards the mineral soil layer, which was more pronounced on the Finnish territory. A Principal Component Analysis of relative abundance of functional guilds of nematodes showed that forests of Eastern Finland had a more uniform nematode fauna among soil horizons. Analysis of the eco-trophic structure of nematode communities in soils under the coniferous forests revealed a high abundance of bacterial feeders, fungal feeders and nematodes associated with plants, while plant parasites were scarce or missing. In pine forests of both Russian and Finnish parts of the Friendship Nature Reserve, soil nematode communities were noted for a higher diversity and relative abundance of predators, while those in spruce forests had a higher abundance of fungal feeders than in pine forests. The regional features of the nematode fauna in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve were a low diversity and high dominance levels of taxa (high Simpson's index values), low maturity index (ΣMI) and structure index (SI) of the nematode communities, possibly as a result of human impact or other local-scope adverse environmental factors. The forest nematode communities in the Finnish territory showed a higher diversity of the fauna and a lower dominance level of taxa (a more evenly structured nematode fauna). The Finnish forests harboured 16 specific taxa not encountered in the Russian territory and plant parasites of the family Trichodoridae, which were rare in Northwest Russia. In addition, the group of dominant taxa included K-strategy nematodes sensitive to the environmental conditions. All this suggests that the conditions on the Finnish side are more favourable for soil nematodes. The ecological indices explored in the study (SI, EI) confirm that Finnish coniferous forests are stable habitats with complex, multicomponent soil food webs and undisturbed soil ecosystems. On the contrary, the indices for forests of the Kostomuksha Stare Nature Reserve betray a simplified and unstable food web associated with degraded soil ecosystems exposed to detrimental environmental impacts. |
| References |
Abebe E., Traunspurger W., Andrássy I. 2006. Freshwater nematodes: ecology and taxonomy. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. 752 p.
van Bezooijen J. 2006. Methods and techniques for nematology. Wageningen: Wageningen University Press. 112 p.
Bongers T. 1990. The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia 83(1): 14–19. DOI: 10.1007/BF00324627
De Ley P., Blaxter M. 2004. A new system for Nematoda: combining morphological characters with molecular trees, and translating clades into ranks and taxa. In: R. Cook, D.J. Hunt (Eds.): Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. Vol. 2. Leiden: E.J. Brill. P. 633–653.
Dighton J., Helmisaari H.S., Maghirang M., Smith S., Malcolm K., Johnson W., Quast L., Lallier B., Gray D., Setälä H., Starr M., Luiro J., Kukkola M. 2012. Impacts of forest post thinning residues on soil chemistry, fauna and roots: Implications of residue removal in Finland. Applied Soil Ecology 60: 16–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.02.023
Fedorets N.G., Bakhmet O.N., Solodovnikov A.N. 2014. The soils and soil cover of the Russian-Finnish park «Friendship». Transactions of Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Science 6: 24–38. [In Russian]
Ferris H., Bongers T., de Goede R.G.M. 2001. A framework for soil food web diagnostics: extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept. Applied Soil Ecology 18(1): 13–29. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00152-4
Georgieva S.S., McGrath S.P., Hooper D.J., Chambers B.S. 2002. Nematode communities under stress: the long-term effects of heavy metals in soil treated with sewage sludge. Applied Soil Ecology 20(1): 27–42. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00005-7
Gruzdeva L.I., Sushchuk A.A. 2009. Impact of industrial pollution on soil nematode communities in the Kostomuksha region. In: N.V. Vasilevskaya (Ed.): Conservation of biological diversity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems at high latitudes. Murmansk: Murmansk State Pedagogical University. P. 54–57. [In Russian]
Gruzdeva L.I., Kovalenko T.E., Matveeva E.M. 2005. Nematode fauna of meadow cenoses in the islands of the White Sea, Lakes Onego and Ladoga. Biogeography of Karelia. Proceedings of KarRC RAS. Series «Biology» 7: 39–47. [In Russian]
Gruzdeva L.I., Matveeva E.M., Kovalenko T.E. 2006. Soil nematode fauna of different forest types in Reserve «Kivach». Transactions of Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Science 10: 14–21. [In Russian]
Hagner M., Mikola J., Saloniemi I., Saikkonen K., Helander M. 2019. Effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on soil animal trophic groups and associated ecosystem functioning in a northern agricultural field. Scientific Reports 9(1): 8540. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44988-5
Hammer Ø., Harper D.A.T., Ryan P.D. 2001. Past: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(1): 1–9.
Háněl L. 2001. Succession of soil nematodes in pine forests on coal-mining sands near Cottbus, Germany. Applied Soil Ecology 16(1): 23–34. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00101-3
Huhta V., Koskenniemi A. 1975. Numbers, biomass and community respiration of soil invertebrates in spruce forests at two latitudes in Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 12(2): 164–182.
Huhta V., Karppinen E., Nurminen M., Valpas A. 1967. Effect of silvicultural practices upon arthropos, annelid and nematode populations in coniferous forest soil. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4(2): 87–145.
Huhta V., Hyvönen R., Kaasalainen P., Koskenniemi A., Muona J., Mäkelä I., Sulander M., Vilkamaa P. 1986. Soil fauna of Finnish coniferous forests. Annales Zoologici Fennici 23(4): 345–360.
Huhta V., Räty M., Ahlroth P., Hänninen S.M., Mattila J., Penttinen R., Rintala T. 2005. Soil fauna of deciduous forests as compared with spruce forests in central Finland. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 81: 52–70.
Kalinkina D.S., Sushchuk A.A., Matveeva E.M., Zenkova I.V. 2019. Communities of soil nematodes in the subcrown areas of trees introduced on the territory of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 12(1): 59–70. DOI: 10.1134/S1995425519010074
Laidinen G.F., Gruzdeva L.I., Titov A.F., Kaznina N.M., Batova Y.V., Sushchuk A.A. 2013. The state of herbaceous vegetation and nematode communities under industrial pollution. Transactions of Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Science 6: 17–26. [In Russian]
Magnusson M.L. 1982. Nematodes in some coniferous forests in Finland. Seloste: Nematodien esiintymisestä suomen havumetsissä. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 103: 1–12.
Magnusson C. 1983. Abundance and trophic structure of pine forest nematodes in relation to soil layers and ground cover. Holarctic Ecology 6(2): 175–182. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1983.tb01079.x
Matveeva E.M., Sushchuk A.A. 2016. Features of soil nematode communities in various types of natural biocenoses: effectiveness of assessment parameters. Biology Bulletin 43(5): 474–482. DOI: 10.1134/S1062359016040099
Matveeva E.M., Gruzdeva L.I., Kovalenko T.E., Sushchuk A.A. 2008. Soil nematodes as biological indicators of technogenic soil pollution in northern taiga ecosystems. Transactions of Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Science 14: 63–75. [In Russian]
Odum E. 1975. Fundamentals of Ecology. Moscow: Mir. 740 p. [In Russian]
Räty M., Huhta V. 2003. Nematode communities of anthropogenous birch stands in central Finland. Nematology 5(4): 629–639. DOI: 10.1163/156854103322683346
Ruess L. 1995. Nematode fauna in spruce forest soils: A qualitative/quantitative comparison. Nematologica 41: 106–124.
Sieriebriennikov B., Ferris H., de Goede R.G.M. 2014. NINJA: An automated calculation system for nematode-based biological monitoring. European Journal of Soil Biology 61: 90–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2014.02.004
Sohlenius B., Boström S. 2001. Annual and long-term fluctuations of the nematode fauna in a Swedish Scots pine forest soil. Pedobiologia 45(5): 408–429. DOI: 10.1078/0031-4056-00096
Stark S., Wardle D.A., Ohtonen R., Helle T., Yeates G.W. 2000. The effect of reindeer grazing on decomposition, mineralization and soil biota in a dry oligotrophic Scots pine forest. Oikos 90(2): 301–310. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900210.x
Stark S., Kytöviita M.M., Männistö M.K., Neumann A.B. 2008. Soil microbial and microfaunal communities and organic matter quality in reindeer winter and summer ranges in Finnish subarctic mountain birch forests. Applied Soil Ecology 40(3): 456–464. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.06.009
Sushchuk A.A., Matveeva E.M., Kalinkina D.S., Krivorot I.V. 2018. Communities of soil nematodes in tundra and taiga ecosystems (on an example of the North-West of Russia). In: A.V. Uvarov (Ed.): Problems of Soil Zoology. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press Ltd. P. 196–197. [In Russian]
Yeates G.W., Bongers T., de Goede R.G.M., Freckman D.W., Georgieva S.S. 1993a. Feeding habits in soil nematode families and genera – An outline for soil ecologists. Journal of Nematology 25(3): 315–331.
Yeates G.W., Wardle D.A., Watson R.N. 1993b. Relationships between nematodes, soil microbial biomass and weed-management strategies in maize and asparagus cropping systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25(7): 869–876. DOI: 10.1016/0038-0717(93)90089-T
Zvyagintsev D.G., Babieva I.P., Zenova G.M. 2005. Soil Biology. Moscow: Moscow State University. 445 p. [In Russian] |
