Статья

Гульнара Хусаиновна Дусаева, м.н.с., Институт степи УрО РАН (460000, г. Оренбург, ул. Пионерская 11); e-mail: 16guluy@mail.ru
Ольга Геннадьевна Калмыкова, с.н.с., Институт степи УрО РАН (460000, г. Оренбург, ул. Пионерская 11); e-mail: o.k.81@list.ru
Нейля Вакильевна Дусаева, м.н.с., Институт степи УрО РАН (460000, г. Оренбург, ул. Пионерская 11); e-mail: maksutova1@mail.ru

Dusaeva G.Kh., Kalmykova O.G., Dusaeva N.V. 2019. Fire influence on dynamics of above-ground phytomass in steppe plant communities in the Burtinskaya Steppe (Orenburg State Nature Reserve, Russia) // Nature Conservation Research. Vol. 4(Suppl.1). P. 78–92. https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2019.050

В Оренбургской области степная зона подвержена сильнейшей антропогенной нагрузке, большая часть степей распахана, остальные земли используются под сенокосы и пастбища или не обрабатываются и представляют собой залежи. Частые пожары являются еще одной серьезной угрозой для биологического разнообразия степей региона. Данная проблема актуальна не только для территорий, используемых в сельском хозяйстве, но и для заповедников. Необходимость изучения последствий пожаров на экосистемы в государственном природном заповеднике «Оренбургский» назрела давно, как только стало ясно, что в связи со спецификой (значительная протяженность фронта и площадь выгорания, высокая скорость распространения при сильном ветре и т.д.) и с учащением степных пожаров, охрана заповедной территории не всегда решает проблему обеспечения сохранности степей. В то же время, именно на заповедных территориях с сохранившимися и подверженными наименьшему влиянию антропогенного фактора экосистемами представляется возможным и наиболее доступным проведение экологических исследований. Это дополняется исключением влияния других воздействий на этих территориях и возможностью использования данных, накопленных ранее в ходе многолетних наблюдений. Нами изучена динамика запасов надземной фитомассы после воздействия пожара на территории государственного природного заповедника «Оренбургский» участка «Буртинская степь». Территория исследования расположена в степной зоне Предуралья. В августе 2014 г. сгорело более 20 км² заповедной степи, после чего была заложена мониторинговая сеть, состоящая из 6 участков, каждый участок включал в себя контрольную (негоревшую) и горевшую площадку. Исследования были проведены в период 2015–2016 гг. В каждом сообществе проводили геоботанические описания и укосы надземной фитомассы в весенний, летний, осенний период. Полученные образцы высушивали, разделяли по группам (злаки, разнотравье, полукустарнички) и взвешивали. В результате сравнения негоревших и пострадавших от огня площадок на всех участках выявились статистически значимые различия по U-критерию Манна-Уитни (α < 0.05) в общих запасах надземной фитомассы, запасах мертвой фитомассы, ветоши злаков, подстилки. В горевших фитоценозах происходило смещение пиков накопления живой надземной фитомассы злаков и разнотравья по сравнению с контрольными площадками. В первые два года после пожара восстанавливаются только запасы живой надземной фитомассы и ее компонентов (злаков, разнотравья, полукустарничков), остальные фракции надземной фитомассы не достигают контрольных значений. Наши наблюдения, являлись частью проекта по созданию основы мониторинга экосистем на заповедном участке после пожара 2014 г., поддержанного ПРООН/ГЭФ/МПР РФ «Совершенствование системы и механизмы управления ООПТ в степном биоме России».

надземная фитомасса, Оренбургская область, особо охраняемая природная территория, пирогенный фактор

Поступила: 30.09.2018. Исправлена: 10.07.2019. Принята к опубликованию: 29.07.2019.

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