Статья

Гузялия Фаттяховна Сулейманова, начальник научного отдела национального парка «Хвалынский» (412787, Россия, Саратовская область, г. Хвалынск, ул. Октябрьская, 2б); аспирант Саратовского национального исследовательского государственного университета имени Н.Г. Чернышевского (410012, г. Саратов, ул. Астраханская, 83); e-mail: suleymanovagf@mail.ru
Владимир Александрович Болдырев, д.б.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой ботаники и экологии биологического факультета Саратовского национального исследовательского государственного университета имени Н.Г. Чернышевского (410012, г. Саратов, ул. Астраханская, 83); e-mail: boldyrev52@bk.ru
Виктор Александрович Савинов, директор национального парка «Хвалынский» (412787, Россия, Саратовская область, г. Хвалынск, ул. Октябрьская, 2б); e-mail: np.hvalynskiy@yandex.ru

Suleymanova G.F., Boldyrev V.A., Savinov V.A. 2019. Post-fire restoration of plant communities with Paeonia tenuifolia in the Khvalynsky National Park (Russia) // Nature Conservation Research. Vol. 4(Suppl.1). P. 57–77. https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2019.048

В статье рассматриваются показатели динамики растительного сообщества с Paeonia tenuifolia до и после воздействия пожара. Исследования проводились в Хвалынском национальном парке (лесостепная зона России) в 2008–2018 гг. Авторы проводили комплексное исследование в горелых и ненарушенных пожаром растительных сообществах. Для особо охраняемых природных территорий были рассмотрены оценка воздействия пожара и разработка плана действий после пожара. Растительное сообщество Paeonia tenuifolia + Calamagrostis epigejos + Adonis vernalis – Potentilla volgarica подверглось воздействию пожара в 2009 г. Растительное сообщество Paeonia tenuifolia + Stipa pennata + Adonis vernalis – Anemone sylvestris не было нарушено. Для характеристики растительных сообществ с Paeonia tenuifolia и его ценопопуляций мы использовали стандартные методы геоботанического описания. Шестьдесят семь видов сосудистых растений входило в состав послепожарного фитоценоза. Из них 14 видов были занесены в Красную книгу Саратовской области. Преобразования в составе пост-пирогенного растительного сообщества происходили в следующей последовательности: 1) Paeonia tenuifolia + Calamagrostis epigejos + Adonis vernalis – Stipa pennata (в 2008 г.) → 2) Paeonia tenuifolia + Elymus repens + Stipa pennata + Adonis vernalis + Thalictrum simplex (в 2010 г.) → 3) Paeonia tenuifolia – Stipa pennata – Calamagrostis epigejos + Festuca valesiaca +Phleum pratense + Poa bulbosa + Prunus tenella (в 2011 г.) → 4) Paeonia tenuifolia + Adonis vernalis + Stipa pennata (в 2015, 2017, 2018 гг.). После воздействия огня на растительное сообщество в нем произошли следующие изменения: 1) появились и увеличили обилие малолетники и рудеральные виды; 2) изменилось соотношение доминирующих видов. С 2012 по 2018 гг. фитоценотическая роль Calamagrostis epigeios уменьшалась. Напротив, проективное покрытие и обилие Stipa pennata увеличились в этот период. Динамика обилия Paeonia tenuifolia характеризовалась уменьшением в 2010 г. (сразу после пожара) и постепенным увеличением в 2015–2018 гг. Видовое богатство пост-пирогенного сообщества менялось от 20 видов в первый год после пожара до 38 видов в последний год исследования. В первый год пирогенной сукцессии лидирующее положение по числу видов занимали семейства Poaceae (шесть видов), Leguminosae (три вида), Rosaceae (три вида). Виды растений семейств Compositae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae преобладали в ненарушенном растительном сообществе. Степные виды доминировали в послепожарном растительном сообществе. Это Stipa pennata, Adonis vernalis, Paeonia tenuifolia. Основные эколого-ценотические группы были представлены степными (70%), луговыми (16%), лесными (5%) и сорными (9%) видами растений. Наличие сорно-степных видов растений стало показателем нарушенности местообитаний вследствие антропогенной деятельности. Среди сорно-степных видов зафиксированы Arenaria serpyllifolia, Viola rupestris, Erysimum canescens, Verbascum lychnitis. Градиентный анализ экологических условий показал, что наибольшее значение индекса виталитета (IVC = 1.15) соответствует наилучшим условиям для роста и выживания в популяции Paeonia tenuifolia в послепожарном сообществе. На контрольном участке показатель виталитета (IVC = 0.85) соответствует худшим условиям для развития растений. Мы изучили возрастной спектр природных популяций Paeonia tenuifolia в послепожарном и ненарушенном сообществах. Мы показали, что обе популяции нормальные, полночленные, молодые. Послепожарная популяция была моложе, чем популяция в ненарушенном пожаром сообществе. Комплексные мониторинговые исследования должны быть продолжены для правильной оценки последствий пожара и последующих действий по управлению восстановлением растительности после воздействия пожара.

Stipa pennata, возрастной спектр, лесостепная зона, особо охраняемая природная территория, пирогенная сукцессия, популяция растений, растительное сообщество, редкий вид

Поступила: 20.11.2018. Исправлена: 25.05.2019. Принята к опубликованию: 06.06.2019.

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