Статья

Алексей Александрович Алейников, с.н.с. Лаборатории структурно-функциональной организации и устойчивости лесных экосистем Центра по проблемам экологии и продуктивности лесов РАН (Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, д. 84/32); e-mail: aaacastor@gmail.com

Aleinikov А.А. 2019. The fire history in pine forests of the plain area in the Pechora-Ilych Nature Biosphere Reserve (Russia) before 1942: possible anthropogenic causes and long-term effects // Nature Conservation Research. Vol. 4(Suppl.1). P. 21–34. https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2019.033

Оценка сукцессионного статуса и прогноз развития сосновых лесов зависят от их происхождения и нуждаются в детальном исследовании исторических и современных пожарных режимов. В статье обобщены сведения о динамике пожаров в лесах равнинного участка Печоро-Илычского государственного природного биосферного заповедника (Россия). Современные лесные пожары в сосновых лесах заповедника – наследие предшествующего традиционного природопользования на этой территории. Благодаря анализу материалов первой инвентаризации лесов впервые оценено состояние лесов равнинного участка спустя 10 лет после организации заповедника. Показано, что около 50% лесов современного равнинного участка заповедника (большая часть лишайниковых, зеленомошно-лишайниковых и зеленомошно-кустарничковых сообществ) на тот момент уже были пройдены низовыми и верховыми пожарами. Гари вдоль притоков Печоры и Илыча были настолько обычны для населения, что нашли отражение в их названиях. Возможно, на протяжении нескольких веков пожары инициировали манси, которые использовали эту территорию в качестве зимних пастбищ вплоть до середины XIX в. В последствии, немногочисленное русское население активно посещало леса с целью лесозаготовок, охоты, сбора дикоросов и рыбной ловли. Междуречье представляло собой мозаику угодий, поделённых между жителями различных деревень. Неосторожное обращение с огнём приводило к многочисленным неконтролируемым пожарам, которые никто не тушил и поэтому сгорали огромные площади лесов. После образования заповедника эти сосновые леса продолжили гореть, но уже значительно меньше. Поскольку равнинный участок примыкает к судоходной реке Печоре полностью исключать антропогенные причины этих пожаров нельзя. Мы не исключаем возгорания от сухих гроз. Однако, при оценке современного пожарного режима важно помнить о том, что высокая горимость этих лесов – наследие предшествующих воздействий, требующее дальнейшего изучения.

бореальные леса, история пожаров, первичные леса, Северный Урал, сукцессии, традиционное природопользование, экосистемное наследие

Поступила: 10.02.2019. Исправлена: 21.04.2019. Принята к опубликованию: 23.04.2019.

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